Review Article

Health Benefits of Terminalia Chebula and Rosa Canina

Anish Kumar, Kisalaya Mishra*

Hygia institute of pharmaceutical education and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.: +91 780002046, E-mail: kisalayamishra@yahoo.in

Terminalia chebula and Rosa canina are well known plants for their health benefits and medicinal value. Terminalia chebula belongs to the family combretacaeae. It is called king of medicine. It is reported to possess anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, cardiotonic, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory etc. activities. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal in India and South-East Asia has been reported. A number of chemical constituents have been isolated from the plant extract the include chaplains, ellagic acid Gallic acid, etc. Terminalia chebula, commonly called as black myrobalan, ink tree, or chebulic myrobalan. Most important medicinal plants used in medicines of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and homeopathy. Rose canina contains a high concentration of carotenoid use of rose product of health benefits. Rosa canina L. consist of inside fresh rose hip is vitamin C and E is widely used for food production. A rose hip and fruit marketed as a food supplement in several European countries have been shown to reduce osteoarthritis symptoms in the clinical trial. Now a days rose hip extract is extensively used to treat osteoarthritis.

Keywords: Cardiotonic, Osteoarthritis, Antioxidant, Carotenoids, Antimicrobial, Myrobalan

Review Article

Recent Advancements in Development of Vaccines for the Treatment of Cancer: A Review

Rama Shukla^a,*, Fauziya Husaini^a, Nisha Thakre^a, Manu Singhai^b, A.K. Singhai^a, Laxmi Tripathi^c

^aDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Lakshmi Narain College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.

^bISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.

^cDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Agra Public Pharmacy College, Delhi–Agra National Highway-2, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.: +91 9827335444, E-mail: shukla.pharma15@gmail.com

The human immune system is one of the essential responses for survival. It has evolved to protect the individual from the surrounding pathogenic substances. Immune system acts like a warrior to attack and eliminate infectious organisms from the body. Our immune system consists of special cells, proteins, tissues and organs which defend human against micro-organisms and pathogens. Both innate and adaptive mechanisms have ability to distinguish our tissues to foreign tissues i.e. allergens and toxic substances. Dead or defected cells are also recognized and cleared by immune system. Cancer is one of the most common destructive disease in the World. Various treatments for cancer are available like chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Among all the treatments, immunotherapy has the potential to treat cancer effectively and with less toxicity than chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In this review we discuss about the type of immune system along with the examples of immune mechanism and recent advancements in vaccine development against cancer.

Keywords:Immune system, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Cancer vaccines, Antibodies

Review Article

E-Pharmacy in India and Legal Scenario: A Critical Approach

Anu Singhai^a, Vishnu Dubey^b,*, Laxmi Tripathi^c

^aDepartment of Law, Rabindranath Tagore University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

^bDepartment of Law, Oiental University Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

^cDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Agra Public Pharmacy College, Delhi–Agra National Highway-2, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.: +91-8094047437, Email: vanshjivishnu@gmail.com

E-Pharmacies in India mainly work through an integrated network that connects both the distributors and the retailers directly to the customers. Investors are willing to fund the e-Pharmacies because they know that this model is potential enough to revolutionize the Pharmaceutical Industry. This model shows promised and prominent growth in the Indian market when there is condition of recession across the globe. However, many organizations have been protesting against proliferation of e-Pharmacies, the traditional Pharmacies see them as competitors eating their pie whereas human rights groups have raised concerns over the unregulated sale of medicines leading to potential health epidemic. The lack of regulatory provision and recent judgments by two different high courts could not help to ease out the problem. The current article focuses on the issue of e-Pharmacy in India and global stand, while highlighting the key benefits of the same. The article further lays down the challenges faced and current legal scenario while suggesting the amicable solutions.

Keywords: E-Pharmacy, Epidemic, Pharmaceutical Industries, Global Challenges

Original Article

Superoxide and Nitric Oxide Activities of Amaranthus Retroflexus Leaves

G. Jyoti Jain^a,*, S. Ramachandra Setty^b

^aDepartment of Pharmacology, Luqman College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.

^bDepartment. of Pharmacology, Luqman College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga Karnataka, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.: +91 9342660391, E-mail: jyotilcp2@gmail.com

Amaranthus retroflexus is a medicinal plant. Our aim is to investigate its in-vitro antioxidant properties. Therefore 70% ethanolic extract of Amaranthus retroflexus leaves (AREE) was taken and the parameter studied was superoxide and nitricoxide free radical scavenging activities. In-vitro models were carried out to evaluate its antioxidant activities. Hence these results concluded that, the ethanolic extract afford significant antioxidant activities which may be attributed due to polyphenols.

Keywords: AREE, Superoxide, Nitricoxide and Polyphenols

Original Article

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticles Based Topical Gel of Indomethacin

Rupali Partani^*,a, Sourabh D Jain^b, Deepak Birla^a, Jayanti Mukherjee^a, Vimukta Sharma^b

^aShri Bherulal Pharmacy Institute, Indore Madhya Pradesh, India.

^bBM College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh India.

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: partanirupali@gmail.com

Objective: The objective of the present investigation is to formulate and evaluate nanoparticles (NPs) based topical gel of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin for the treatment of arthritis, temporary relief of fever, minor aches, and pains which would attenuate the gastrointestinal related toxicities associated with oral administration.

Methods: The nanoparticles were formulated by emulsion diffusion evaporation technique using ethyl acetate, PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) and PLGA poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) used as cross-linking agent. The freeze dried nanoparticles were evaluated using FTIR, SEM and DLS studies. The freeze dried drug loaded cross-linked PLGA nanoparticles were incorporated in carbopol 934 to disperse in small quantity of distilled water. Subsequently glycerin and triethanolamine were added with stirring till the carbopol gel gets dispersed. The in-vitro drug release of the formulated gel was evaluated using modified Franz diffusion cell containing dialysis membrane 70 (Hi-Media, Mumbai, India) having pore size 2.4 nm and phosphate buffer having pH 7.4 as the receptor medium. The permeation profiles were determined by plotting cumulative% drug release Vs time (Zero order release), log cumulative% drug remaining Vs time (first order release), cumulative % drug release Vs square root of time (Higuchi Model), log cumulative% drug release Vs log time (Korsmeyer Peppas Model) and cube root% drug remaining Vs time (Hixson Crowell Model).

Results: The Zeta value of NPs 2.41 indicated a stable formulation. It has been observed high drug entrapment efficiency. SEM data revealed the surfaces of nanoparticles were smooth and fibrous type. FTIR results indicated no interaction among the drug and the excipients. From the release kinetics data it was observed that the release of indomethacin from the PVA loaded nanoparticles exhibit anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion for Hixson Crowell Model, first order, zero order and Higuchi Model but it closely correlated with Korsmeyer Peppas Model.

Conclusion: The research work concluded that the Indomethacin loaded NPs based topical gel formulation containing carbopol was successfully developed for topical application with good permeation potentiality as evident from its in-vitro results.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, Freeze drying, Indomethacin, Carbopol, Topical Gel

Original Article

Studies on Formulation of Diltiazem Tablets Using bcd, Croscaramellose Sodium and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Optimization By 2³ Factorial Design

CH. Saibabu^a,*, Dr.K.Thejomoorthy^a, Rakesh Kumar Jat^b

^aMalineni Lakshmaiah College of Pharmacy, Kanumalla, Singarayakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India.

^bDepartment of Pharmacy, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.:+91 8919726750, E-mail: saichennupalli@gmail.com

Diltiazem, a widely prescribed anti-hypertensive drug belongs to the class II under BCS classification and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. It needs enhancement in the dissolution rate in its formulation development to derive its maximum therapeutic efficacy. In the present study β-cyclodextrin (βCD), Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate were tried to enhance the dissolution rate of Diltiazem in its tablet formulation development. The objective of the study is to optimize Diltiazem tablet formulation by 23 factorial design to achieve NLT 85% dissolution in 15 minutes. For optimization of Diltiazem tablets as per 23 factorial design the Cyclodextrin (βCD), Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate are considered as the three factors. The six levels of the factor A (βCD) are ratio of drug: βCD, the eight levels of the factor B (Croscarmellose sodium) and the eight levels of factor C (Sodium dodecyl sulfate). Eight Diltiazem tablet formulations employing selected combinations of the three factors i.e. β-CD, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate as per 23 factorial design were formulated. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and were evaluated. The physical parameters of the Diltiazem tablets evaluated and hardness of the tablets was in the range 96-132 N. Weight loss in the friability test was less than 0.04% in all the cases. Diltiazem content of the tablets prepared was within 100±3 %. Much variations were observed in the disintegration and dissolution characteristics of the Diltiazem tablets prepared. The disintegration times were in the range 3 min 02 sec to 4 min 12 sec. Dissolution rate of Diltiazem tablets prepared were studied in phosphate buffer pH 5.8. Dissolution of Diltiazem from all the tablets prepared followed first order kinetics with coefficient of determination (R2) values above 0.942. The first order dissolution rate constant (K1) values were estimated from the slope of the first order linear plots. Much variations were observed in the dissolution rate (K1) and DE30 values of the tablets prepared due to formulation variables. ANOVA of K1 values indicated that the individual and combined effects of the three factors, βCD, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate except F020 (Combined effect of Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate) and F020 (Combined effect of βCD,Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate) in influencing the dissolution rate of Diltiazem tablets are highly significant (P < 0.01). Diltiazem tablet formulations F018 and F020 gave very rapid dissolution of Diltiazem than others. These tablets (F018 and F020) gave above 90% dissolution in 15min. Higher levels of βCD and lower levels of Croscarmellose sodium gave low dissolution of Diltiazem tablets. The increasing order of dissolution rate (K1) observed with various formulations was F014 > F008 > F011 >F016> F017 >F018> F020. The optimized Diltiazem tablet formulation gave 91% dissolution in 15 min fulfilling the target dissolution set. Hence optimization by 23 factorial design could be used to formulate Diltiazem tablets with the desired dissolution i.e., NLT 85% in 15 min.

Keywords: Optimization, Diltiazem tablets, Factorial design, β-Cyclodextrin, Croscarmellose sodium, Sodium dodecyl sulphate

Original Article

Studies on Formulation of Doxazosin Mesylate Tablets Using Croscaramellose Sodium and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate- Optimization by 2² Factorial Design

CH. Saibabu^a,*, Dr.K.Thejomoorthy^b, Rakesh Kumar Jat^a,

^aDepartment of Pharmacy, Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India.

^bMalineni Lakshmaiah College of Pharmacy, Kanumalla, Singarayakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author: Tel.:+91 8919726750, E-mail: saichennupalli@gmail.com

Doxazosin Mesilate, a widely prescribed anti hypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS classification and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. It needs enhancement in the dissolution rate in its formulation development to derive its maximum therapeutic efficacy. In the present study Croscarmellose sodium (superdisintegrant) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic surfactant) were tried to enhance the dissolution rate of Doxazosin Mesilate in its tablet formulation development. The objective of the study is to optimize Doxazosin Mesilate tablet formulation by 22 factorial design to achieve NLT 85% dissolution in 15 minutes. For optimization of Doxazosin Mesilate tablets as per 22 factorial design the Croscarmellose sodium (superdisintegrant) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic surfactant) are considered as the two factors. The four levels of the factor A (Croscarmellose sodium) are ratio of drug: Croscarmellose sodium and the four levels of the factor B (Sodium dodecyl sulfate). Four Doxazosin Mesilate tablet formulations employing selected combinations of the two factors i.e. Croscarmellose sodium (superdisintegrant) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic surfactant) as per 22 factorial design were formulated. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and were evaluated. The physical parameters of the Doxazosin Mesilate tablets evaluated and hardness of the tablets was in the range 89-117 N. Weight loss in the friability test was less than 0.02% in all the cases. Doxazosin Mesilate content of the tablets prepared was within 100±3 %. Much variations were observed in the disintegration and dissolution characteristics of the Doxazosin Mesilate tablets prepared. The disintegration times were in the range of 2 min 22 sec to 4 min 28 sec.

Dissolution rate of Doxazosin Mesilate tablets prepared was studied in 0.01N HCl. Dissolution of Doxazosin Mesilate from all the tablets prepared followed first order kinetics with coefficient of determination (R2 ) values above 0.985. The first order dissolution rate constant (K1) values were estimated from the slope of the first order linear plots. Much variations were observed in the dissolution rate (K1) and DE30 values of the tablets prepared due to formulation variables. ANOVA of K1 values indicated that the individual and combined effects of the two factors, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate except S010 (Combined effect of Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium dodecyl sulphate) in influencing the dissolution rate of Doxazosin Mesilate tablets are highly significant (P < 0.01). Doxazosin Mesilate tablets formulations S006 and S010 gave very rapid dissolution of Doxazosin Mesilate than others. These tablets (S006 and S010) gave above 90% dissolution in 15 min. Higher levels of Croscarmellose sodium and lower levels of Sodium dodecyl sulphate gave low dissolution of Doxazosin Mesilate tablets. The increasing order of dissolution rate (K1) observed with various formulations was S002 > S004 > S006 > S010. The optimized Diltiazem tablet formulation gave 91% dissolution in 15 min fulfilling the target dissolution set. Hence optimization by 22 factorial design could be used to formulate Doxazosin Mesilate tablets with the desired dissolution i.e., NLT 85% in 15 min.

Keywords: Optimization, Doxazosin Mesilate tablets, Factorial design, Croscarmellose sodium, Sodium dodecyl sulphate